math/概念/排列与组合.md
2024-01-21 19:44:14 +08:00

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# 排列与组合
## 排列
排列英语Permutation是将相异对象根据确定的顺序重排。
例如10个人比赛前3名的排列数。
从10人中选出第1名有10种可能从剩下的10-1=9人中选出第2名有9种可能再从剩下的9-1=8人中选出第3名有8种可能这三步的可能数用**乘法原理**相乘,$10\times9\times8=720$ 即总的排列数。排列数可写作:
$$ A_{10}^3 = \underbrace{10\times9\times8}_{3个} = 720 $$
$$ A_n^n = \underbrace{n\times(n-1)\times(n-2)\times\cdots\times1}_{n个} = n! A_n^n叫全排列n!叫做n的阶乘 $$
$$ A_{n}^{m} = \underbrace{n\times(n-1)\times(n-2)\times\cdots\times(n-m+1)}_{m个} \\\\ = \dfrac{n\times(n-1)\times(n-2)\times\cdots\times(n-m+1)\times(n-m)\times(n-m-1)\times(n-m-2)\times\cdots\times1}{(n-m)\times(n-m-1)\times(n-m-2)\times\cdots\times1} \\\\ = \dfrac{n!}{(n-m)!}$$